Preparing for the breeding season By Tony Silva
Share
Retaining Young for Future Breeding
Almost every breeder retains part of his or her production each year. These young, on maturity, will form the next generation of breeders. When and how these birds should be treated and then paired is an often-asked question. Because each parrot group has its own idiosyncrasies (maturity age, breeding requirements, dietary changes to induce breeding, etc) it is not possible to over generalize beyond a certain point, but it is important to know the best husbandry method to insure that those youngsters develop physically and psychologically to the point that they can reproduce.
Without this preparation, imprinting, the perception that the bird is a feathered human, depression, plucking or mutilation, mate aggression and even mate killing can all become a problem. These problems can be experienced with parent-reared young but are most common in improperly socialized hand-reared young. But when these hand-reared birds are reared in groups and properly socialized, they display the same qualities as parent-reared young and can become equally as successful future breeders.
Natural Group Formation in the Wild
Most parrots produce multiple chicks in a clutch. The exceptions are single egg layers, which include Palm and Glossy Black Cockatoos. Both of these species require significant energy resources from the parrots to find food and thus multiple young would be difficult to rear.
The vast majority of parrots produce two or more young per clutch. Multiple chicks increase the chances of a successful outcome. These chicks normally segue into flocks on fledging. These flocks include their parents and most commonly others of their kind.
The flocks normally travel in pursuit of available food supplies, often migrating through a large part of the specie´s range. In these travel sorties, they learn to identify foods, evade predators, find the best roosting locations and comprehend flock cohesion.
While this didactical experience is underway, the birds come in contact with unrelated individuals. It is in these sorties that pairs form.
In species like the Yellow-winged Amazon Amazona aestiva xanthopteryx, which are easily identifiable by the color of their head and wings (which normally varies from individual to individual), this contact results in young showing strong attachments to each other, as I found during fieldwork conducted in the mid 1980s. These pairs, if they survived to maturity, become the next generation of breeders.
Transitioning Hand-Reared Birds
In hand-reared birds, how chicks are treated after they wean is important. If they are hand-reared, they must segue from their human parent to becoming a bird. This is achieved by keeping chicks in same species or at the least similar species groups, which should be continuously exposed to enrichment, which brings the group together and allows interaction. Ideally the young should remain in a group until they reach maturity.
Filling a flight cage with fresh branches, palm fronds, some of the natural foods that they normally consume and moving them as a group around a collection replicate many of the natural behaviors.
In my collection, we place the young in flights as soon as they are weaned. To these flights we add branches and enrichment. As the young age, they are moved around; the cages are literally lifted and relocated.
This action serves two purposes: it allows me to emulate nature, where the chicks move from area to area in the pursuit of food and in the process come in contact with other species (young are always kept within blocks of aviaries containing breeding adults) and it permits the birds to become familiar with the grounds.
This has proved to be very important when a bird escapes. Pyrrhura conures and Amazon parrots treated to this experience almost always returned. Those that were weaned and placed in a cage that was permanent tended not to return. They did not understand the topography of the farm.
Using the Same Method for Parent-Reared Young
The same process can be used with parent-reared young. We tend to leave these chicks with their parents for a few months but then remove and place them in a flock. The flocks can then interact and play as they would in nature. This action also allows the young to develop individual personalities outside the shadow of the parents.
Flock Dynamics and Social Learning
While in groups, we observe behavior closely. Invariably one bird will become the dominant individual in the flock. Its boldness will be evident by it being the first to feed, the first to approach the enrichment and the one that has the best perching site. It will also call if a raptor or other potential menace flies overhead.
This same behavior is seen in the wild. This individual will teach the others how to behave.
In aviaries Golden Conures Guaruba guarouba tend to ignore toys and enrichment. The chicks seem to focus their attention on a sibling, whose tail and flight feathers they chew. In an attempt to stop this, I started adding an adult Sun Conure Aratinga solstitialis to the group of Golden Conures. The Sun Conure immediately took the lead and the Golden Conure flock members emulated its behavior. This is how I enticed the Golden Conures to destroy the enrichment and not their feathers.
Pair Formation
In groups, pairs will become evident. They will feed together, tend to play together and roost together. As they age, these birds will become the first breeding pairs. I find that chicks that select their future partners are the most successful breeders, displaying the best parenting skills and the highest fertility.
Importance of Retaining Young
Retaining young that have been produced in the collection is in my opinion the best option to form new pairs. This is because these birds will adapt to you local climatic conditions, your husbandry protocol, and your aviaries. They will, over time, display less mortality and morbidity than pairs acquired from outside sources.
Understanding how to treat future breeders is key to breeding future generations of those species (i.e. white cockatoos, African parrots, etc) whose current avicultural stock consists of wild imports. Without this effort the level of species loss will be significant and future generations of aviculturists will have a poor selection of available species.